1. First Amendment Act, 1951:
o It inserted Article 15(4) and Article 19(6) in relation to reservations in educational institutions and public employment.
2. Seventh Amendment Act, 1956:
o It reorganized states and territories on a linguistic basis.
3. Twenty-Fourth Amendment Act, 1971:
o It made it explicit that the President could challenge the advice of the Council of Ministers in courts.
4. Forty-Second Amendment Act, 1976:
o It introduced changes to the Preamble, Fundamental Rights, and Directive Principles of State Policy. It also extended the term of Parliament from five to six years during the Emergency.
5. Fifty-Second Amendment Act, 1985:
o It added the Tenth Schedule, which deals with disqualification on the grounds of defection.
6. Seventy-Third Amendment Act, 1992:
o It added Part IX to the Constitution, providing for Panchayati Raj institutions.
7. Ninety-First Amendment Act, 2003:
o It inserted Article 21-A, making the right to education a fundamental right for children aged 6-14 years.
8. Ninety-Sixth Amendment Act, 2011:
o It inserted Article 124A, providing for the establishment of the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC).
9. One Hundred and First Amendment Act, 2016:
o It introduced the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India, amending several articles related to taxation.
There have been multiple amendments addressing various aspects of the Constitution over the years. Each amendment reflects the evolving needs and concerns of the country. All amendments require ratification by states, and the specific process varies depending on the nature of the amendment.
